Megillah Reading for Women

I am posting a pdf link to a shiur I recently gave on the megillah. The purpose of this shiur is to explain the opinion of the Behag that men are chayev to "read" and women to "listen".
http://www.freewebs.com/avilebo/Behag-Megillah.pdf



Audio Shiur discussing the approach of the Turei Even (1hr 17minutes):

Stream Link:
http://www.torahmedia.com/streamlink.php?fid=23189&bw=low

Download Link:
http://www.torahmedia.com/downloadlink.php?fid=23189&bw=low

Megilla 11a - A Man and Not a King

R' Nachman B' Yitzchok opened his drasha on the megillah by citing the pasuk that praises Hashem for protecting us when a "man" stood against us - A man and not a king. Simply, the praise to Hashem is that the main antagonist of the Jews was Haman rather than Achashveirosh, so that when the tables were flipped, they were easily flippable. I thought that perhaps this can be explained based on the gemara in gittin 56a when R' Yochanan B' Zakai greeted the general sent to take siege on Yerushalaim by saying sholom aleicha malka. The general responded, first of all I am not a king, and if I am a king, why didn't you come until now. R' Yochanan says back that you must be a king (or at least will be a king), bec. if you were not a king Hashem would not give Yerushalaim into your hands. Hashem will not degrade the Jewish people by allowing a "nobody" to destroy them, rather, their enemy will always be someone of stature. Based on this R' Nachman's drasha was to praise Hashem that it was only Haman who stood up against the Jews rather than a king, bec. if it were a king then the gezeira may have been carried out, but bec. it was a man, not a king, it was impossible for the Jews to be given in his hands.

Megilla 10b - Cutting off Language and Writing from Bavel

The Maharsha explains that people communicate in 2 ways. 1. Sending letters with a signature to people who are far away. 2. Speaking to those who are close by and able to hear. "Shem" refers to the signature at the end of a letter which is "ksav". "Sh'er" refers to those who are close by and spoken to verbaly which is "loshon". The pasuk says that Hashem will cut of "Shem" and "Sh'er" from Bavel, which means he will cut off their influence both near and far. This will answer Tosafos question, that although Aramaic is still spoken, the influence of Bavel was lost.

Megillah 9a - Translating Torah

It is not clear whether the discussion between Rabonon and R' Shimon B' Gamliel is: 1. An issur to translate the Torah. or 2. No issur but a Sefer written in another language would not qualify as Sifrei Hakodesh. According to #1 that the machlokes is simply whether a Sefer Torah written in another language has kedushas sefer torah, what would the gemara be proving from the story of Talmai that a Greek translation would have kedushas sefer torah? Who says that the 72 translations had kedushas sefer Torah! #2 must be correct - The Rabonon hold that Torah can be written in any language and have kedushas sefer Torah in any language. R' Shimon B' Gamliel argues and says that there is an issur to translate the Torah into any language other than Greek.

The Turei Even seems to concur that according to R' Shimon B"G there is an issur to translate into other languages. However, he discusses 2 possibilities whether this issur would be d'oraysa or d'rabonon. On the tzad that it is an issur d'rabonon the pasuk from yefes would only be an esmachte, but the real reason it is mutar is that since they were matir the translation by Talmai for a tzorech, the issur was removed to translate Torah (and acc. to RSBG in mishna even other seforim) into Greek. But, on the tzad that it is an issur d'oraysa and the source to be matir is a real drasha from the pasuk of yefes, it must be that the story of Talmai is cited bec. that is when they made the drasha to be matir translating into Greek.

It would seem that if the Torah was translated into another language - acc. to the first tzad since it is only an issur d'rabonon it would have kedushas sefer (like acc. to rabonon), but acc. to second tzad that it can't be translated m'doraysa it may not even have kedushas Sefer Torah.

Since we pasken like R' Shimon B' Gamliel, stone chumashim should be at least an issur d'rabonon - but the heter is the same heter to write torah not in a scroll bec. of 'eis la'asos l'hashem' - see Igros Moshe Y.D. 4:38:4.

Megillah 8b - Reading from a non-kisvei Hakodesh Book

Tosafos explains that only a megilla written with ashuris letters in hebrew language can qualify as kisvei hakodesh to be metamei yadayim, yet one can read the megillah from a book written in another language (for someone who understands that language). Clearly, the din of reading from ksav, to the exclusion of reading ba'al peh, would not require kisvei hakodesh. Based on this, I don't understand the question of Tosafos 7a. The gemara 7a says that if Ester was to be read b'ruach hakodesh, but not written b'ruach hakodesh, it would not be mtamei yadayim. Tosafos asks, if it is not metamei yadayim, why is one who reads b'al peh not yotzei? Based on Tosafos 8b, there is no question, bec. although one must read from a ksav, the ksav does not need to be kisvei hakodesh that is metamei yadayim?

megilas esther acc. to shmuel

Acc. to shmuel that esther was said beruach hakodeh likoros velo lictov . it comes out that esther is a bechina of torah shebal peh. (It seems to me the machlokes is whether after churban habais and in paras was it shayach to create torah shebecsav.)
tosfos is mebver that acc. to shmuel the kisiva of migilas esther was kein the kisiva of migillas tanis except a little stronger because by migilas esther there are dinim in the kisiva. I refer you back to the rashis in tannis that explain why by migilas tannis we find the lashon "dichsiv" because it also has a shaycus to torah shebecsav. so it comes out acc. to shmuel that migillas esther and migilas tannis are of the same type.

Megillah 7b - Seudas Purim at Night

The Rema brings down that there is a mitzvah to have a seudah also on the night of purim (after ta'anis ester). It seems very meduyak in the gemara bec. the gemara seems to take the perspective of assuming that one would have a seudah at night. It does not say that one should not have their seudah at night, rather that when one eats their seudah at night, it is not sufficient to fulfill their obligation of seudas purim. I think that this is also implied by tosafos 4a who explains that the primary mitzvah of reading the megillah is by day, just that r' yehoshua ben lavi is mechadesh that it should be done by night as well (that is why we make shehechiyanu again by day). Tosafos comments that we find a parallel to this by seduas purim, that the primary seudah is by day. It seems that the geder of seudah by night is similar to the megillah at night, and although it is not the ikar, it is still a mitzvah.

question

why do we need a pasuk and a sevara to say that a neder is not 'chayav b'achrayus'?

Megillah 4a - Women reading for Men

The Behag brought in tosafos holds that women cannot be motzi men in the reading of the megillah. The Behag expresses this by saying that the nature of the chiyuv on men is "kriah" whereas the nature of the chiyuv of women is "shmiah". Although it is clear that he is trying to say that men have a higher level chiyuv than women and therefore from the perspective of a man, a women is considered an "eino mechuyav b'davar"; the hagdara of the behag is stinn unclear. What does he mean that women are chayuv in only "shmiah" - it must mean more than just a lower level chiyuv? (i have some thoughts but i am interested in some comments).

הערה בקישור תענית ומגילה בדרך הדרוש

בדרך הרמז והדרוש

בשלהי תענית כל האוכל ושותה בט"ב כאילו אוכל ושותה ביום הכפורים. מבואר דט"ב שייך ליו"כ וכן ביאר הגרמ"ש ע"פ המדרש (ילקוא שמעוני פנחס רמז תשפ"ב) שלולא חטא העגל יו"כ היה בט"ב. וכן ט"ו באב שייך לט' באב דהרי מתי מדבר הפסיקו למות בט"ו באב. וא"כ שניהים שייכם לתיקון של חטא המרגלים.
עוד איתא בסוף תענית דט"ו באב היה יום תבר מגל כיוון שבו פסקו לכרות עצים למערכה מחשש תולעים כיון שהשמש לא חזקה כ"כ ויש לכלוכית בעצים. וכן ט"ו באב יום שבנות ישראל יוצאים לשידוכים. ומגל אותיות גלם. והנראה שאז התחילו לקחת הגלם מהשדה וליצור מזה צורת אדם ע"י השידוכין.
לאחר ז' חדשי העיבור מגיעים לט"ו באדר. ואז קוראים מגילה שהיא המגל עם שם י-ה. דהיינו שזיווג הזכר ונקבה שבשם י-ה מוליד בט"ו אדר.
וכיפורים הוא כפורים. דהיינו דיוצא דט"ו באב וכפורים ופורים כולם מכפרים על חטא המרגלים.
באופן שחטא המרגלים היה שדור דעה לא התקשר למצוות התלויות בארץ. וכדברי המהר"ל שאילולי דור דעה היו באי הארץ לא היה שייך חרבן. ותיקון חטא זה ע"י קישור הדעה והמעשה דהיינו עם הגוף. עיבור זה נעשה בט"ו באב (תחילת לכלוכית העצים ןהאדם עץ השדה) ובזמן ההריון הגוף בוחל בולד דהיינו שצריך קודם לעזוב את הגוף בבחינת יו"כ ולבסוף נוח היהודים בט"ו באדר שבו עם כל הגוף ושיכרון יוצא צורת אדם עם שם י-ה.
ט' באב הוא יום תחילת הניתוק ותחילת שריפת בהמ"ק ולא סופו משא"כ שמחת פורים היא הסוף אחר הניצחון וזמן שנחו היהודים בשושן. דלבסוף הכל טוב וסוף מעשה במחשבה תחילה.

עבדים בחיוב מגילה

עיין בשו"ע דרק עבדים משוחררים חייבים במגילה אך המ"ב מביא מ"ח שיש שמחייבים עבדים ממש

ולכאורה תלוי בהבנת אף הם היו בנס דלרש"י שגם הנשים ניצלו מהגזירה לכאורה זה גם שיים לעבדים אך לרשב"ם שהם היו עיקר הנס שפעלו הנס לכאורה זה ל"ש בעבדים. ושמעתי שהגרי"ז חקר אם אף הם היו בהנס זה חיוב חדש או רק מוריד את הפטור של זמן גרמא ונפ"מ לעבדים שאם זה חיוב חדש ל"ש לעבדים ואם כצד השני עבדים יהיו מחוייבים. ונ"ל שכל הספק רק שייך לרשב"ם אך לרש"י בפשטות גם עבדים יחויבו. וצ"ע ולא ראיתי הגדי"ז בעצמי

Megillah 3a - Megillah Reading vs. Torah Study

One should be mevatel talmud torah in order to read the megillah. The Maharatz Chiyus asks why is megillah reading referred to as bitul torah, isn't the megillah also torah? He answers that the travel to hear the megillah read in a minyan is bitul torah. This seems difficult to me in light of the gemara in chagiga 5b that one who learns torah for just one day a year (and spends the rest of the time travelling) is considered to have learned the entire year. Clearly, travel time to study torah is not counted as bitul torah. It seems more plausible to me to answer based on the gemara in chagigah 10a that there is bitul torah in quality, not just in quantity. To go from gemara to mikrah is bitul torah in quality (see also baba metziah 33a).

However, the gemara seems to give the impression that being mevatel torah for megillah is the exception, not the rule. We are always mevatel torah for mitzvos that can't be done by others (moed katan), so why does the gemara make such a big deal the we are mevatel talmud torah for megillah reading?

Megillah 2a - Reading Megillah for Bnei Kefarim

I am in Yerushalaim until wed. so i have not had time to post - Sorry.

There is a machlokes rishonim if on the day the bnei kefarim would come into the cities, one of the people of the city would read megillah for them (rashi) or if they would read for themselves (Ran, Tosafos Yevamos 14a). There are 2 difficulties with Rashi. 1. How can someone who is not mechuyav at that time (city person) read to be motzei someon - it seems to go against the mishna in r.h. (end of third perek)? The Ritvah is mechadesh that since he is mechuyav in megillah, just not that day, it is considered mechuyav b'davar. 2. There should be an issur of lo sisgodidu, since according to abaya even 2 batei dinim in one city is considered agudos agudos. If the Kfar person would read, since their intent was to return, it can be considered like 2 separate cities, but acc. to Rashi it is difficult.

Has anyone seen a peshat in dealing with lo sisgodidu acc. to rashi?

Ta'anis 30a - Learning on 9th of Av

The gemara cites the pasuk of "pikudei hashem yesharim" only as a reason for not learning with children, but not as a reason for the issur talmud torah. Although Rashi says that this is also the source for the issur Talmud Torah for adults, the maharsha says that for adults it is not necessary to cite the pasuk as a source. We find that there is an issur to be mesiach da'as from aveilus (see rashi 29b regarding washing clothes in the week of 9th av), so this would also be the reason to forbid learning - it is a hesech hada'as from the aveilus. This peshat is very difficult bec. we find that the Tana Kama allows to learn in areas that are not familiar. If the issur was simcha, then the tza'ar of trying to figure out something new would take away the simcha. Similarly, the tza'ar of learning iyov and other tragic stories would take away the simcha. But, according to maharsha who says that the issur is hesech hada'as, why should it be mutar to learn something new and something tragic?
We find that the Biur Halacha writes that concentrating on davening and learning while wearing tefillin is not considered a hesech hada'as. The reason is that the Torah doesn't demand concentration on tefillin, but rather any concentration on devarim shebikedusha is included in the kavana that is required. Similarly here, the issue of hesech hada'as only applies if one is mesiach da'as from the sadness by doing something which is mesameiach. Therefore, learning things that do not bring simcha i.e. new things or tragic things, is not a hesech hada'as. The point of the maharsha is simply that for adults this concept is clear without citing a pasuk - but when learning with kids one may of thought that it will not be enjoyable and not constitute a hesech hada'as. The pasuk teaches that the learning b'etzem is mesameiach and therefore even learning with kids is considered a hesech hada'as.

בחשבון מ' + מ' +מ' ימים ששהה משה בסיני

see comments. would love to hear some feed back. as an aside, after figuring out the math one can learn the gvuras ari here in 28b as he asks the reason why we don't equate how we count this as we do in nidah etc. i am not up to there yet.

not splitting a pasuk

the gemara brings the din that you cannot split a pasuk (the rambam doesn't bring it down! -asked by achronim) . the question i heard by rav yisroel reisman is what about kidush where we say and it was evening and it was morning of the 6th day. this question is asked by the chasam sofer.
i just found a 13 page essay about this from a rav morgenstern of ger chasidus. where he quotes many places where we do split and has a fascinating discussion.
i will just mention the yerushalmi in taanis he quotes that if it is a pasuk somewhere else you may split therefor you may say vayehi erev etc by yom rishon since there is a whole pasuk with this structure on yom shlishi. this will answr kidush as well.
also interesting is there are 2 dinim in this sugya - splitting a parsha and splitting a pasuk and the wording of the halacha is diferent here and in brachos 12b. if i finish writing this up soon i will post in comments more sources.

Ta'anis 28b - Hallel on Rosh Chodesh

A few seperate points:

1. Rashi explains that hallel on chanuka is "like d'oraysa". This can be understood based on chasam sofer (o.c. 208) that the parsumei nissah is a kiyum d'oraysa, just that chazal choose how it should be done for each yom tov (candles for chanuka, megilla for purim). Therefore, hallel on chanuka was instituted by the rabonon but is a kiyum d'oraysa and therefore can push off even tefillah d'orayasa such as mincha. Although even rambam holds tefillah everyday is only d'oraysa once a day so mincha should not be considered d'oraysa? Rashi explains 28a mincha is d'oraysa - since yitzchok instituted it, its like d'oraysa. Meaning that it is not a chiyuv d'oraysa, rather a kiyum d'oraysa. Therefore, the kiyum d'oraysa of hallel can push off the kiyum d'oraysa of tefillah of ma'mados (but zman atzei kohanim which is not even a kiyum d'oraysa can't push off mincha).

2. Tosafos (d.h. yom tov) says that the miracle of chanuka became greater everyday. This clearly assumes that the entire jar of oil was poured it on the first day, so that everyday it continued to burn it was a greater miracle. To the exclusion of one of the beis yosef's answers, that everyday they poured 1/8 of the jar.

3. Tosafos implies that full hallel must be said once over pesach but it is not specific to the first day. Therefore if one did not say full hallel on the first day, they can do so on any other day. However, on day 7 the poskim bring a midrash that full hallel should not be recited since the mitzrim drowned on that day. This reason is only necessary for a situation where one did not say full hallel until the 7th day, so they should really say it on day 7 - to that the poskim say it should not be recited since the mitzrim drowned that day.

mishmar of yisroelim

while learning rashi in the mishna it seemed to me that he was saying that the Yisroel people were living in yerushalayim all year long beauce he uses a language of kvuin in yerushalayim. today i found in the back of the frankel rambam that the aruch hashulcah and couple others make this diyuk. in tomorrows daf the yaavets asked that the 1st braysa seems to skip the yisroels traveling to yerushalayim and suggests it might be a printing error, but acc to rashi this will fit well.
problem is the 2nd braysa mentions yisroelim.
on the topic, i wasn't sure what the gaon 27a was trying to say with his haga, is he saying the leviyim were supplying the water? why? i thought the yisroelim were like rashi in the mishna says? unless he is trying to fir this braysa with rashi that the yisroelim didn't go to yerushalayim but lived there??? any thoughts?

Ta'anis 26b - Nesias Kapayim by Mincha of a fast day

The gemara comments that we duchan by mincha on a fast since there is no concern of drunkenness, and since we daven close to sunset, mincha is associated with neila and there is no concern that it will lead to duchening by mincha the rest of the year. It would seem that if one davens mincha k'tana on a fast, they should certainly duchan (in e.y. of course). However, rashi seems to explain that this is only when one normally davens mincha g'dola and on the fast is davening mincha k'tana, but if one normally davens mincha k'tana then they should not duchen on a fast even if they daven mincha k'tana. Nevertheless, following the simple understanding of the gemara, it would seem that if one daven mincha k'tana on a ta'anis, there is duchaning.

But, if one davens mincha g'dola on a fast, one should not duchen (even if the rest of the year they normally daven mincha k'tana so there is a heker, it seems from the gemara that its not sufficient, bec. we also need the sevara of being similar or in the place of neila).

The Chazon Ish (O.C. 20) suggests that even if one davens mincha g'dola they should duchan bec. at the close of the talmud the decision was to duchan at mincha of a fast. (He raises that the Ritvah seems to imply otherwise, but then explains that the Ritvah is speaking in a time where neillah is said so if duchaning was done by mincha g'dola it would be clear that there should be duchaning by mincha and will lead to duchaning by mincha on other days. But if there is no neillah, like by our fast days, then one should duchan by mincha since it will be understood that it is to make up for not duchaning by neillah).

The Steipler testifies that the Chazon Ish did allow duchaning even my m.g. on a ta'anis.

3 quick points taanis 25

בהא דשמע להנך ענני דקאמרי שיתנו גשם בעמון ומואב ביאר המהרש"א ששמע המלאך. וכן ברש"י בעמוד ב' לדיד חזיא לי האי רדיא ביאר שקאי אמלאך. ונשאלתי והרי מפתח הגשם רק אצל קודשא בריך? ונ"ל שדוקא המפתח לאוצר ביד הקב"ה אך זה שמוביל הסחורה מתוך האוצר לחוצה הוא המלאך

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במעשה דתענית אחאב אחר שרצח את נביות ביאר רש"י שהחליט באמצע היום שיתענה. וצ"ע מכאן לשיטות הסוברים שאף תענית שעות צריך לקבל דווקא מבע"י דלשיטתם איזה סוג תענית היה כאן אלא א"כ הוי רק לצעורי בעלמא וצ"ע

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בדין הלל הגדול. עיין רש"י הודו לאלוקי האלוקים ומשמע שמכאן מתחיל ההלל הגדול ועיין במלאכת שלמה במשניות שמביא תשובת הרשב"א ת"ג דמתחיל מהודו לה' כעין בפסח ותמוה לרש"י מדוע שיהי חילוק וע"ש שיש בזה מ"ח בירושלמי. ואולי לרש"י אפשר לומר שמצטט את אלוקי האלוקים דלכן נקרא הלל הגדול אך דלמא הקריאה מתחילה מהודו לה' וצ"ע