According to my understanding, sperm is produced in the testicles and is expelled through the vas deferens (chutei beitzim) and then through the urethra to exit the body. Along the way it picks up some extra fluids from the prostate (if i am wrong, please correct me).
R' Moshe (Igros E.H. 4:30) has a fascinating teshuvah about someone who had a clogged vas deferens and wants to repair it through surgery which would entail cutting and removing the bad section, and then sewing together the two sides so that sperm can flow through it. The questions are:
1. Is there an issur of sirus (sterilizing) by cutting the tube, since sirus is an issur d'oraysa even after one is already not capable of reproducing?
2. Is the person considered a patuzah dakka in his present state with a clogged vas deferens?
3. If the surgery is successful, is the pasul of patuzah dakkah removed so that he can marry kehal hashem?
4. If the surgery is not successful, does he become a patzuah dakka from the surgery?
R' Moshe assumes from our gemara where they expand the whole in his eiver in order to repair it, that sirus which is done with the intent to repair, does not violate an issur sirus. We also see from there and from the gemara earlies where krus shafcha was repaired, that these problems can be fixed. This answers question 1 and 3. Now, R' Moshe proves from the statement of R' papi in the gemara on the bottom of 75b-76a that a blockage is considered patzuah dakka. This answers question 2. Therefore, one who had the blockage from illness is considered patzuah dakka bidei shamayim, and is mutar l'kahal. If the surgery is not successful he maintains his state of being mutar l'kahal. But, one who has a vasectomy (cut the vas deferens) which is a patzuah dakka bidei adam, can only be fixed if the surgery is successful, but otherwise maintains his issur l'kahal status.
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